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269
- The Effect of Gravitational Settling in an Electrostatic
Precipitator
Zhangfa Wu 1,
J. K. Walters 1
and D. W. P. Thomas 2
I Department
ofChemical Engineering
2 Department
ofElectrical & Electronic
Engineering
Abstract
A simple modification to the Deutsch model is presented.
It includes the effects of both electrostatic and
gravitational depositions in an electrostatic precipitator, and
hence yields a lower penetration than the Deutsch model.
Calculations show that under certain circumstances gravity
settling can be significant in an electrostatic precipitator.
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275
- The Spectra of the
Corona
in an Electrostatic Precipitator
Zhangfa Wu .,
J. K. Walters I and
D. W. P. Thomas 2
J Department ofChemical
Engineering
2 Department
ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract
An optical detection system to measure the spectra of the corona
in an electrostatic precipitator has been constructed.
The corona light is focused by a lens on to the input slit of
a spectrograph. The
output of the spectrograph is detected by a CCD unit connected to a
PC for experimental run control and data processing.
Preliminary results have shown that the detection system has
allowed the spectra to be measured with a high signal-to-noise
ration and resolution. The
ionic species present in the corona and the abundance of the
individual ionic species are being identified from the measured
spectra.
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281 - Measuring and
Modeling Mass Fluxes in ESP
Claus Riehle
Abstract
Describing particle transport in ESPs is usually done in terms
of “effective migration velocity”.
Starting from a mass balance, this work shows that weff
has to be read as mass flux. A
simple relationship is given for transforming the total mass flux of
collected particles into an effective migration velocity and vice
versa. The concept of
mass flux is completely based on physical terms which might lead to
more insight into the collection process.
In particular this concept can also be applied to describe
the local mass fluxes in a precipitator duct.
Generally, the local mass fluxes in real size ESPs can be
measured too. Based on
such results, modeling mass fluxes as function of precipitator
length should be possible. This
concept allows an improved scale-up, e.g. designing additional
collecting zones, when a further reduction of dust emissions is
required.
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293 - Studies on Electrostatic Precipitation at
Temperatures around Acid Dew point
Takuya
YAMAMOTO, Mitsuhiro MIENO,
Kenji SHIBATA, Kazuyoshi TAKAHASHI
Research & Development
Center
bstract
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) for coal-fired boilers are
generally operated at a temperature above acid dew point.
Recently, an alternative technique has been developed from
the view point of high efficiency, in which the ESP is operated
below acid dew point temperature.
Because of the formation of sulfuric acid mist, the
collecting performance of the ESP is improved.
This formation is mainly due to condensation of sulfuric acid
vapor, created by the reaction between H2O
and sulfur trioxide (SO3) vapor, in the stack gases.
In this paper we describe an experimental study
of the collecting performance of an ESP at temperatures around acid
dew point, and the behavior of condensed SO3.
The results may be summarized as follows:
(1) The collecting performance of the ESP is
improved by the effect of condensed SO3.
(2) Condensed SO3
exists as sulfuric acid mist on the surface of dust particles.
(3) At a temperature below acid dew point, it
is possible to remove SO3 and
dust particles from the stack gas with high efficiency.
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299
- Relations between Coal/Fly Ash Properties and Cohesive Forces in
Electrostatically Precipitated Ash Layers
L. Canadas, B. Navarrete, L.
Salvador
Dept. Ingenieria Quimica y Ambiental. E.S.!.!. - Universidad de
Sevilla
Abstract
The main results of a research programme directed to the
investigation of fly ash cohesiveness and adherence to ESP plates
and their relation with coal and ash properties are presented. A
total of 58 coal and fly ash samples coming from 6 pc boilers have
been extensively characterized by means of standard and non-standard
analyses to identify physical, chemical, morphological,
mineralogical, and ESP performance related characteristics, like
resistivity and dust layer adherence to the collecting plates. A
measuring method of cohesive forces on electrostatically
precipitated fly ash and a test apparatus have been developed. The
ash cohesion under approximate real conditions in industrial ESPs
has been measured. Correlations between the cohesive force and the
coal/fly ash characteristics have been established, and also the
relation with ash resistivity.
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306
- Electrostatically Enhanced Core Separator System
BRUCE H.
EASOM, LEO A. SMOLENSKY
LSR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
RALPH F. ALTMAN
ELECfRlC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Abstract
The main results of a research program
directed to the investigation of fly ash cohesiveness and adherence
to ESP plates and their relation with coal and ash properties are
presented.
A
total of 58 coal and fly ash samples coming from 6 pc boilers have
been extensively characterized by means of standard and non-standard
analyses to identify physical, chemical, morphological,
mineralogical., and ESP performance related characteristics, like
resistivity and dust layer adherence to the collecting plates.
A measuring method of cohesive forces on electrostatically
precipitated fly ash and a test apparatus have been developed.
The ash cohesion under approximate real conditions in
industrial ESPs has been measured.
Correlations between the cohesive force and the coal/fly ash
characteristics have been established, and also the relation with
ash resistivity.
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312
- Recent Experience in Controlling Fine Particles in ESP
P. L. Feldman
K S. Kumar
D. 1. Helfritch
Environmental Elements Corporation
Abstract
The future will require much more stringent control of fine
particulate emissions. Conventional
particulate collectors such as electrostatic precipitators and
fabric filters will be pushed to their limits to meet the new
requirements. The need
for the development of novel methods or enhancements for improved
fine particulate control will become obvious.
This paper discusses the difficulties in capturing the fine
particles and presents several potential means for ultimately
accomplishing the goal of high-efficiency fine particulate control.
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325
- Local Deposition of Particles in a Laboratory-Scale Electrostatic
Precipitator with Barbed Discharge Electrodes
J. Miller I) H.-J. Schmid 2) E. Schmidt
2) A.J. Schwab I)
1) Institut fiir Elektroenergiesysteme und Hochspannungstechnik
University ofKarlsruhe, Kaiserstr.12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
2) Institut fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik
Abstract
The precipitation of particles in an electrostatic precipitator
(ESP) results in striking dust patters at the collecting electrodes,
strongly depending on forces of the electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) field
in the duct. Due to
precipitator geometry, electrical operation status, and process
parameters, areas of high and low dust density are visible.
Since latest results show a direct correlation of
precipitator efficiency with the shape and size of those patterns, a
better knowledge of local dust layer properties is necessary in
order of those patterns, a better knowledge of local dust layer
properties is necessary in order to improve the performance of
electrostatic precipitator, e.g. by electrode optimization.
For this paper experimental investigations were carried out
with a laboratory scale electrostatic precipitator.
In order to analyze the different characteristics of the
collected dust at compressed and light dust layer regions, particles
size distributions and dust layer porosity were determined with the
help of a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Moreover, high accuracy weight measurements were executed to
reveal preferred dust deposition along the collecting electrodes.
Whereas the dust mass varies only insignificantly for short-time
particle collection (e.g. 1 minute), the dust mass in high-density
regions is much larger after having collected a dust layer for a
longer period (e.g. 45 minutes).
This phenomenon is due to permanent dust layer erosion by
forces of the gas flow. Moreover,
a totally different structure of the dust layer can be observed
directly opposite and between the discharge electrodes.
Porosity investigations underline the observations and prove
significantly lower porosity in dust layer areas directly opposite
of the coronating barbes. The
different particle size distributions of dust at high and low
density regions of the dust layer show that fine particles were
preferably deposited in high-density regions.
Since the dust layer patterns strongly depend on design and
arrangement of the discharge electrodes, the results show potential
for an improvement of the ESP-geometry.
Further, the porosity investigations explain observations of
local back corona occurrence at the dust layer.
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335
- Improved Discharge Electrode Design Yields Favorable EHD-Field
with Low Dust Layer Erosion in Electrostatic Precipitator
J. Miller I) H.-J. Schmid 2) E. Schmidt 2)
A.J. Schwab I)
1) Institut fiir Elektroenergiesysteme und Hochspannungstechnik
University ofKarlsruhe, Kaiserstr.12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
2) Institut fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik
Abstract
The performance of electrostatic precipitators strongly depends on
design and geometry parameters of the discharge electrode system.
Since the geometry of the electrode system determines the
electric field and corona intensity, design and distance of the
coronating electrodes must be carefully adapted to the properties of
the dust-laden gas. Only
few results exist on the correlation between geometry parameters and
fine dust precipitation efficiency.
In industrial applications type and distance of the
coronating electrodes are often chosen heuristically.
This paper presents the results of experimental investigations with
a plate-type laboratory-scale ESP.
A special frame construction allowed gradually increasing the
distance of the coronating electrodes over a wide range.
Fractional efficiency measurements were conducted for a
various geometric and electric settings under constant gas
conditions. Depending on
the settings, dust patterns of different size occurred at the
collecting electrode, showing areas of high and low density dust.
Video recordings prove that fine dust strongly reentrains
from areas of low density dust.
Freeze frames, taken out of the video, visualize the
reentraining process of collect4ed dust agglomerates.
The fractional efficiency curves show optimum ESP performance
for coronating electrode distances in the range of the half gap
width or smaller. Further,
a dust pattern analysis demonstrates that ESP performance can be
optimized through geometric and electric settings, which yield small
areas of low-density dust at the collecting electrode.
The investigations demonstrate that a suitable design and
arrangement of the electrodes results in an EHD field, which makes
small areas of low density dust, appear at the collecting electrodes
and, therefore, leads to low dust layer erosion.
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343
- Fractional Efficiency Investigations under Back
Corona
Conditions Considering the Local Occurrence of Back
Corona
at the Dust Layer of Electrostatic Precipitators
J. Miller J. Lindner A.J.
Schwab
Institut filr Elektroenergiesysteme und Hochspannungstechnik
Universitat Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr.l Z, D-76128 Karlsruhe
Abstract
Abstract
High dust resistivity in combination with a collected dust layer
are responsible for the occurrence of back corona, which is the
cause for a dramatic decrease in the efficiency of an electrostatic
precipitator (ESP). So
far, a lot of research has been done in order to understand the
theoretical background of this phenomenon.
Also, technical solutions were developed to reduce the
adverse effects on the precipitator performance, such as
conditioning or pulse power supplies.
However, only few investigations keep attention on the local
back corona behavior at the collecting plates, which depends on dust
layer thickness and density, on their part strongly influenced by
forces of the electrohydro-dynamic (EHD) field.
The present paper deals with observations of local back corona
occurrence in a laboratory scale electrostatic precipitator and with
the influence of back corona on fractional efficiencies under
various geometric and electric operation settings.
Upon collection of an appropriate dust layer, back corona was
artificially generated by increasing the voltage beyond back corona
onset. The growing
intensity and spatial
Expansion of back corona glow-points at the collecting electrode
were obtained for slowly increased voltage on a series of impressive
pictures.
These experimental investigations underline the existence of
different back corona types as already shown in literature.
Back corona mainly occurred at certain regions of the ESP
inlet due to specific conditions of dust layer thickness and
porosity. The majority
of back corona flow-points appeared in high porosity areas of the
dust layer. The
fractional efficiency measurements under identical conditions
confirm earlier investigations with a laboratory scale tubular
precipitator, which proved that back corona affects submicron
particles much stronger than particles in the 10µm-range.
Further measurements with different distances of the
discharge electrodes show higher efficiencies for certain geometric
adjustments. This result
is due to the minimization of back corona areas at the collecting
electrode.
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353
- Studies of Dust Layer Formation on Electrostatic Precipitator
Electrodes
Perevodchikov V.I., Kalinin V.V., Ljamin Y.A.,
Shapenko V.N., Scherbakov A.V.
All-Russian Electrotechnical Institute (VEL)
Abstract
No Abstract Available
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359
- The Study of Agglomeration and Collection Efficiency in
Electrostatic Precipitators
A. Zukeran",
T. Ito*, T. Takahashi?", K. Shinkai**
* Musashi Institute of Technology
1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158 JAPAN
** Fuji Electric Co.Ltd
1-12-1 Yurakucho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100 JAPAN
Abstract
No Abstract Available
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365
- Investigations into the Local Mass Flux of Dust to be Precipitated
at the Collecting Electrode
Hans-Joachim SCHMID and
Eberhard SCHMIDT
Institut fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik
Universitat Karlsruhe (TH), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
Abstract
The paper is dealing with the presentations of collecting
efficiencies of electrostatic precipitators.
Whereas the total separation efficiency and effective
migration rates respectively bear some problems in interpretation
and discussion an observation of the flux of locally precipitated
dust should lead to more clarity and an improved insight of
precipitation because it is only based on physical terms.
The
paper presents model calculations accounting for the size-dependent
local particle transport. The
local mass flux was calculated for varying median particle size and
width of the particle size distribution.
One interesting result is the influence of the classification
along the duct, due to the size dependence of the particle migration
velocity, on the local mass flux.
It causes an increasing curvature resulting in a higher flux
at the entrance of the precipitator, and a higher flux at the outlet
for increasing width of the particle size distribution. Furthermore
one can show that higher fluid velocities cause a shift of the
classification towards the back part of the precipitator.
Furthermore integration over the precipitator length yields
the total mass flux and therefore the total separation efficiency
may be calculated. From
this quantity effective migration rates weff
which according to the model equations of Deutsch and Matts-Öhnfeldt
can be recalculated. The
so-called ‘applied Deutsch-equation’ yields a weff which
is less sensitive in a certain range.
Preliminary experimental investigations of the local precipitated
dust show the influence of an evolving particle concentration
profile at the entrance of the duct.
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375
- Investigations on Particle Dynamics in a Plate Type Electrostatic
Precipitator Using Double-Pulse Holography
Hans-Joachim SCHMID and
Eberhard SCHMIDT
Institut fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik
Universitat Karlsruhe (TH), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
Abstract
The separation of particles from gases
within electrostatic precipitators is mainly depending on the flow
conditions. The flow
field is governed by the mutual interaction of the electric field
with the gas ions and the turbulent channel flow.
Especially for wire-plate electrostatic precipitators this
causes secondary flows, well known as the ‘ionic wind’.
The influence of the ionic wind on the precipitation of
particles has been discussed widely in the past.
Double pulse
holography was applied to investigate the particle motion within a
laboratory scaled plate-type electrostatic precipitator with round
wires as discharge electrodes. This
experimental method allows determining size, location and velocity
of all particles within a specified volume at one distinct moment.
Subsequently frequency distributions as well as spatial
distributions of the particle collective within the precipitation
zone are evaluated.
A quantitative
analysis of the migration velocities in the near-wall region and a
comparison with theoretical migration velocities, leads to the
conclusion that the ionic wind has an order of magnitude about some
10 cm/s.
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382
- Experiments on Simultaneous Variation of Plate Spacing and Duct
Length
Helmut Wiggers, Amar Lerari,
Sun Biao
Universitat GH Essen, Germany
Abstract
No
Abstract Available
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388
- Conduction and Charging Phenomena in a Fluidised Bed of Solid
Insulating Particles
G. TOUCHARD1~
G. ARTANA1~ s. SAMMARTIN01~
S. WATANABE2
1 - L.E.A. - Laboratoire de Physique et Mecanique des FluidesU.
R.A. 191 du C.N.R.S. - 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau86022
POITIERS Cedex - FRANCE
2 - AICHI - Institute of Technology - YakusaTOYOTA
470.03 - JAPAN
Abstract
No
Abstract Available
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394
- Fact: a Non-Traditional Fly Ash Conditioning Technology
Robert R. Crynack, Ph.D.
Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control
Abstract
No
Abstract Available
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400
- Measurement of Discharge Electrode Emission Characteristics in the
Laboratory
J A Houlgreave & J C Fothergill
Department of Engineering, University of Leicester, LEI 7RH, UK
Abstract
No
Abstract Available
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406
- Particle Flow Field in a Commercial Design ESP during Intermittent
Energization
Claes Halldin, Rikard Hakansson,
Lars-Erik Johansson and Kjell Porle.
ABB Flakt Industri AB, Vaxjo, Sweden.
Abstract
Spatially and temporally resolved
particle velocity has been measured by means of Laser-Doppler-Velocimetry
(LDV) in a laboratory ESP of commercial design operating with
Intermittent Energization (IE).
Rigid Discharge Electrodes (RDEs) and helical wires were used
as Discharge Electrodes (Des) and the Collecting Electrodes (CEs)
were of the G-shape type. The
electrode spacing was 300 mm. The
negative high voltage was run in a mode with charging ratios of 1:1
and 1:19. The average
current density was 0.4 mA/m2 for the 1:1 tests and 19
times lower for the 1:19 tests.
Submicron polystyrene particles were added to the air flow at
the ESP inlet.
The LDV-measurements
consisted of three particle velocity components and the whole flow
fields were mapped by traversing in three directions.
The time base of the velocity registrations was synchronized
to the high voltage supply pulses, which made it possible to track
the time history of the particle velocities.
The results show
marked spatial gradients in both mean particle velocity and
turbulence level, especially where the corona is located.
Those gradients are steeper for the RDEs than for the helical
wires. The 1:19 tests
reveal also the transient behavior of the particle transport in the
ESP.
The aerodynamically
generated overall (and time averaged) turbulence level is
significant compared to the electrically generated turbulence.
This is especially true close to the CEs due to the flow
separation at the G-shaped stiffeners.
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417
- FGC as a Means for Cost-Effective ESPs for Low Sulfur Coals
Kjell Porle, ABB Flakt Industri AB,
Vaxjo, Sweden
Keith Bradburn, ABB Environmental Systems, Knoxville, Tennessee
Pat Bader, TheChemithon Corporation, Seattle, Washington
Abstract
The fly ash generated from many low
sulfur coals results in large Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) in
order to achieve acceptable particulate emission levels.
When the fly ash has a high content of Si and Al and a low
content of primarily Na and S, back-corona is formed on the
collecting plates due to the high resistivity nature of the ash
cake. Flue Gas
Conditioning (FGC) is a proven, cost-effective method to lower
resistivity. Then a
smaller ESP can achieve the same collecting efficiency and emission
as a larger one without FGC. A
proper control of back-corona with modern microprocessors will
minimize the sulfur consumption and at the same time avoid
overdosing of the conditioning agent.
The economics favor the smaller ESP with FGC over the larger
ESP.
This paper
discusses the technical, capital and operating cost advantages of
the smaller ESP with FGC over the larger ESP.
It also briefly discuss alternative techniques for
back-corona prevention.
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427
- Flue Gas SO3 Conditioning for Improvement of Particle
Collection in ESP
H. Szwed
St. Bach
University of Mining and
Metallurgy
Abstract
No Abstract Available
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432
- Results of IES Utilities,
Burlington
Station SO3 Conditioning
Jay Thordsen, Alan Arnold, Robert Wright
and Judson H. West Il, PE
IES Utilities, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA and
Wilhelm Environmental Technologies, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Abstract
No Abstract Available
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438
- Impact of Ash Characteristics on Precipitator Performance
Srivats Srinivasachar
ABB Power Plant Laboratories, Windsor, CT, USA,
Kjell Porle and Inga-LiU Samuelsson
ABB Flakt Industri AB, Vaxjo, Sweden
Esko I. Kauppinen, Terttaliisa M.
Lind and Sampo Ylatalo
VTT Chemical Technology, Espoo, Finland
Abstract
For new boilers firing fossil fuels, the
emission standard for particulates are often in the 20-50 mg/m3
NTP range. Future
standards are expected to be stricter, most likely below 5 mg/m3
NTP.
An integrated
knowledge base of the fuel, boiler operation, the fly ash properties
and the precipitation process is needed to properly design an
electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to achieve a prescribed degree of
cleaning. This paper
describes a study with several coals of how the fly ash properties
vary for different coals and combustion conditions and the
relationship of the ash characteristics to precipitability.
Detailed
measurements of the fly ash characteristics from two coals were
conducted in a 500 and a 630 MWe field unit.
These data were used to calibrate and validate an ash
generation methodology using a drop-tube reactor.
Further tests were carried out for 7 coals in the drop-tube
reactor. Ash
characteristics, in the size range smaller than about 5µm, were
correlated to migration velocities determined from field data.
Particularly noteworthy, was the positive correlation between
the ash surface area and precipitability and the strong dependence
of the both the fine (0.5-4 µm) and ultra fine (< 0.5 µm) ash
loading on combustion temperature.
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452
- Physical Simulation of the Particle Migration in ESP Part II –
Application
1. Gallimberti
Universita di Padova, Dip. Ingegneria Elettrica
Via Gradenigo, 6Ia
35131 Padova, Italy
A. Gazzani, U. Tromboni
I.R.S. s.r.I.
Corso Spagna, 12
35127 Padova, Italy
E. Lami, F. Mattaehini, G. Trebbi
ENEL S.p.A., Centro Ricerca Tennica
Via A. Pisano, 120
56122 Pisa, Ita!y
Abstract
In order to simulate the operating
conditions of electrostatic precipitators and to improve the
physical knowledge of internal processes, a new numerical model of
ESP has been developed and a series of laboratory tests have been
performed.
For purpose of
model validation, in this paper some of the simulation results, for
different ESP energization voltages and operating conditions are
presented and compared with experimental observations.
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460
- The Evolution of Back
Corona
Conditions in an ESP
N. Klippel, K. Schmidle, H.
Burtscher, U. Kogelschatz and S. Stutz
ABB Corporate Research Center, CH-5405 Baden-Dattwil, Switzerland
Abstract
Experiments with fly ash resistivities
of 1012 Ωcm and 1015 Ωcm have been
performed in a laboratory ESP with plate spacing and electrode
shapes similar to commercial units.
Both DC and intermittent energization were applied.
The spatial and temporal evolution of back corona conditions
could be observed in detail by a fast current detection at each
individual collecting plate. An
increase in filter current at the first plate pair indicated the
back corona onset after the start could be observed at the second
and third plate pair as a result of the developing high resistivity
dust layers. The
corresponding decrease in filter efficiency was monitored and
compared for different resistivities and dust layer thicknesses.
The recorded correlation of electrical data and particle
measurements permit a deeper insight how back corona evolves and
affects ESP performance.
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466
- The Effect of Size and Shape on Electrostatic Particle Charging
Processes
P. Grabner, N. Szedenik, L.
Pula, I. Berta
Technical University ofBudapest, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
Abstract
No Abstract Available
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