Abstract
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP's) are the main particulate collectors for most new power stations firing coal. ESP's are able to achieve present emission regulations and are often preferred by users due to robustness, low operating cost and high availability. Many new boilers will burn low sulphur coal. Present legislation requires limits on sulphur emissions and with the burning of low sulphur coal it is then often possible to avoid desulphurisation equipment.

The owner of the plant wants to have the flexibility to buy any coal on the world market for various reasons. Coals with sulphur content less than 1% and relatively low ash content are readily available and are exported from countries like Australia, South Africa, Indonesia, China and Latin America. The ash properties from such coals vary widely and the impact on the ESP size can be dramatic. Coal and coal ash analyses in combination with boiler conditions, humidity, gas temperature etc. are considered when selecting the size and design. The specification for the ESP often comprises a wide selection of coals that might be fired several years later. What is a realistic size of the ESP taking the specific coals or the ranges into account?

The paper discusses the influence from various parameters on the ESP size and suggests different strategies to be applied in order arrive at cost-efficient solutions. It is important that the boiler vendor has close contact with the ESP vendor to optimise the whole plant. Furthermore, the plant owner should have a proper knowledge of limitations and possibilities when buying the ESP.

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Abstract
Electrical energy produced in any country is one of the measures of the development taking place in that country. The energy produced is mainly based on the resources available such as water flow, coal, oil, gas, nuclear fuels etc. The richness of coal in India prompted the Power   Plant Planners to install Thermal Power Stations. During the pre-independence and post independence era in early 50s, the need was to generate power and hence much attention was   not paid to the Pollution aspect and this continued upto late  70s. The awareness created on the Pollution effect on the Society and the enormous amount of erosion subjected to the equipment forced the authorities to make the pollution norms more stringent. This compelling norms which came into existence in 80s necessitated the Power Plant     Personnel to change the Pollution Control equipment in the existing Power Plants installed during early days. India can ill- afford to replace all the ESPs with the new ones.

To renovate   the    existing pollution control   equipment,   following methods   are being practiced

•    Filling the dummy fields (Casing without internals were installed at the initial stage)
•    Introducing intermittent charging
•    Adding series fields to the existing ESPs
•    Adding Series ESPs in a place available very close to the boiler
•    Placing   one more ESP   parallel to the existing ESP
•    Replacing the internals and adding new internals by increasing the casing height
•    Introducing New ESPs in the existing space.
•    Introducing bag filter in the existing ESP casings

The above approaches have been implemented and operating in India for more than 100 installations which include applications like Coal fired boilers, FBC boilers, stoker fired boilers, recovery boilers, cement plants (kiln, clinker cooler, coal mill) etc.

Each case is unique in nature and to be evolved with due consideration to many in-situ factors

Since the pollution norms are becoming stringent in many other parts of the world, e.g. South Asian Countries, the above methods of retrofit would be useful to enhance the pollution control equipment.

This Paper deals with the need for retrofitting, the various options available, the constraints being     faced
normally, selection criteria for the particular option, the benefits accrued, the response of users    with case
studies. 

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Abstract
Problems  of  electrostatic  precipitator  for  sintered  tail  flue  gas  are introduced  briefly.  Technical  parameters  and  structure  features  of  WP  type electrostatic precipitator are emphasized. By real operation in Anyang Iron and Steel  company,  it  was  proved  that  WP  type  electrostatic  precipitator  worked satisfyingly. studies. 

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Abstract
Efforts are made to increase the use of renewable energy sources to limit the fossil fuel combustion. In  2001 combustible renewable fuels including waste represented slightly more than  10% of the primary fuel supply globally. Solid biofuels are fired in small units for domestic heating, in grate boilers for district heating and industrial utilisation and in fluidised bed boilers with thermal capacities exceeding 100 MW. Biofuels are also used for co-firing in pulverised coal fired boilers.

There is an increasing concern regarding the particle emissions from biomass combustion. This paper will discuss particle characterisation and particle collection after biomass fired boilers with a thermal
capacity exceeding 1 MW. The smallest boilers in this range are often only equipped with a multi- cyclone  for  collection  of  the  coarse  particles  in  order  to  meet  rather  modest  particle  emission
requirements. Larger boilers have more stringent requirements, which need efficient removal also of the  fine  particles.  The  electrostatic  precipitator (ESP)  is  the  most  common  choice,  due  to  its robustness and high particle removal efficiency for the complete particle size range.

This paper will deal with properties of particles formed in biomass combustion and the influence on the ESP covering different types of biofuels. Comparisons will also be made with coal combustion.

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Abstract
A linear electrostatic motor was proposed and analyzed by using FEA method.The device consists of a single 3-phase electrode structure stator sheet which drives  a  nonconductive  slider  directly  via  electrostatic  force.  Stages  of  the operation respectively are (a) electrostatic charges are induced over the slider surface (b) stator polarity changes (c) a motive force is appeared between the stator electrodes and slider and consequently moves the slider. In this paper, we analyzed the magnitude of attraction and repulsive forces caused by applied voltage on stator and conversely, we calculated the least needed voltage to create motive force. This simple structure of device can be used in many fields such  material  handling,  positioning  system  and  separators.  Because  the electrostatic forces are distributed over entire surface of slider, it can drive both thin  and  delicate  nonconductive  material.  Since  performance  is  sensitive  to humidity changes, this electrostatic technology needs a dry ambient to operate .Some experiments were conducted to verify the functionality of the proposed linear electrostatic motor, during the experiments many nonconductive material such as paper and cloth have been tested as moved material and could be propelled when the relative humidity condition was less than 30%.

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